<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
  <title>Review and Wrapup of Section 4- Tae Kim's Japanese grammar guide</title>
  <meta name="Author" content="Tae Kim" />
  <meta name="Description" content="A guide to Japanese grammar." />
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />

  <style type="text/css">
     @import url('style.css');
  </style>

  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="print.css" media="print" />

</head>

<body>
<h1>This is only the end of the beginning</h1>
<table align="right" cellpadding="3">
<tr align="center">
	<td>
		<a href="numbers.html">← Previous (Numbers and Counting)</a> |
	</td>
	<td>
		<a href="index.html#contents">Table of Contents</a>
	</td>
	<td>
		| <a href="specialexp.html">Next (Special Expression) →</a>
	</td>
</tr>
</table>

<br /><br /><br />

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td>
<div class="outline">
<!-- outline menu -->
<center><span class="summary">Outline</span></center>
<ol>
<li><a href="#part1">Some more gobi and some review</a></li>
<li><a href="#part2">The next most often used gobi: 「な」 and 「さ」</a></li>
<li><a href="#part3">Gender-specific emphasis gobi: 「わ」、「ぞ」、「ぜ」、「かしら」</a></li>
<li><a href="#part4">That's a wrap!</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
</td></tr>
</table>

<h2 id="part1">Some more gobi and some review</h2>
We are coming to the end of the fourth major section of the guide.  Do you feel like your Japanese has improved?  We've come to the point where
we've learned enough conjugations to be able to start mixing them together in various useful combinations.  Of course this can be a little
difficult to do without some practice, which is the reason for this lesson.  But first, since we've come to the end of yet another section, let's learn some more
sentence endings.

<h2 id="part2">The next most often used gobi: 「な」 and 「さ」</h2>
Next to 「よ」 and 「ね」, 「さ」 and 「な」 are the next most commonly used gobi.

<p>「さ」, which is basically a very casual form of 「よ」, is similar to the English "like" in that some people throw it in at the
end of almost every single phrase.  Of course, that doesn't mean it's necessarily a very sophisticated manner of speech
but just like using "like" all the time, I cannot deny that it is an easy habit to fall into.  In that sense, due to its over-use, it has almost lost any
specific meaning.  You may overhear a conversation like the following:
</p>
<p><span title="だいがくせい - college student" class="popup">大学生</span>１：　<span title="あの - hey" class="popup">あの</span><em>さ</em>・・・
<br /><span title="だいがくせい - college student" class="popup">大学生</span>２：　<span title="うん - yeah" class="popup">うん</span>
<br /><span title="だいがくせい - college student" class="popup">大学生</span>１：　<span title="このあいだ - the other day" class="popup">この間</span><em>さ</em>・・・
<br /><span title="だいがくせい - college student" class="popup">大学生</span>２：　<span title="うん - yeah" class="popup">うん</span>
<br /><span title="だいがくせい - college student" class="popup">大学生</span>１：　<span title="ディズニーランド - Disney Land" class="popup">ディズニーランド</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行った</span>んだけど<em>さ</em>、<span title="なんか - something like that" class="popup">なんか</span><em>さ</em>、<span title="すっごい - to a great extent" class="popup">すっごい</span><span title="こむ - to become crowded" class="popup">込んで</span>て・・・
<br /><span title="だいがくせい - college student" class="popup">大学生</span>２：　<span title="うん - yeah" class="popup">うん</span>
<br /><span title="だいがくせい - college student" class="popup">大学生</span>１：　<span title="なにも - nothing" class="popup">何も</span><span title="できる - to be able to do" class="popup">できなくて</span><em>さ</em>・・・
<br />And it goes on like this, sometimes the other person might break in to say something related to the topic.
</p>

<p>You can use 「な」 in place of 「ね」 when it sounds too soft and reserved for what you want to say or for the audience you are speaking to.  Its
rough sound generally applies to the male gender but is not necessarily restricted to only males.
<br /><span title="ようすけ - Yousuke" class="popup">洋介</span>：　<span title="いま - now" class="popup">今</span>、
<span title="としょかん - library" class="popup">図書館</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行く</span>んだよ<em>な</em>。- You are going to the library now huh? (seeking explanation)
<br /><span title="ともこ - Tomoko" class="popup">智子</span>：　<span title="うん - yeah" class="popup">うん</span>、
<span title="なんで - why" class="popup">なんで</span>？ - Yeah, why?
</p>

<p>ボブ：　<span title="にほんご - Japanese language" class="popup">日本語</span>は、<span title="たくさん - a lot" class="popup">たくさん</span><span title="べんきょう - study" class="popup">勉強</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">した</span>けど<em>な</em>。<span title="まだ - yet" class="popup">まだ</span><span title="ぜんぜん - at all" class="popup">全然</span><span title="わかる - to understand" class="popup">わからない</span>。- I studied Japanese a lot, right?  But, I still don't get it at all.
<br />アリス：　<span title="だいじょうぶ - ok" class="popup">大丈夫</span>よ。<span title="きっと - for sure" class="popup">きっと</span><span title="わかる - to understand" class="popup">わかる</span>ように<span title="なる - to become" class="popup">なる</span>から<em>さ</em>。- No problem. You'll become able to understand for sure, you know?
<br />ボブ：　なら<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>けど<em>な</em>。- If so, it would be good.
</p>

<p>The 「な」 gobi is often used with the question marker 「か」 to indicate that the speaker is considering something.
<br />（１）　<span title="きょう - today" class="popup">今日</span>は<span title="あめ - rain" class="popup">雨</span>が<span title="ふる - to precipitate" class="popup">降る</span><em>かな</em>？- I wonder if it'll rain today.
<br />（２）　<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span><span title="だいがく - college" class="popup">大学</span>に<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行ける</span><em>かな</em>？ - I wonder if I can go to a good college.
</p>

<h2 id="part3">Gender-specific emphasis gobi: 「わ」、「ぞ」、「ぜ」、「かしら」</h2>
These gobi are primarily used just to emphasize something and doesn't really have a meaning per se.  However, they can make your
statements sound much stronger and very gender-specific.  Using 「わ」 is just like 「よ」 except it will make you sound
almost sickeningly female (putting different dialects aside).  Use sparingly.  「かしら」 is also a very feminine version of 「かな」, which we just went over.
「ぞ」 and 「ぜ」 are identical to 「よ」 except that it makes you sound "cool" and manly, or at least, that is the intent.
These examples might not be very helpful without actually hearing what they sound like.

<p>（１）　<span title="もう - already" class="popup">もう</span><span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が
<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">ない</span><em>わ</em>。- There is no more time.
<br />（２）　<span title="おい - hey!" class="popup">おい</span>、<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行く</span><em>ぞ</em>！- Hey, we're going!
<br />（３）　<span title="これ - this" class="popup">これ</span>で、<span title="もう - already" class="popup">もう</span><span title="おわり - end" class="popup">終わり</span>だ<em>ぜ</em>。- With this, it's over already.
<br />（４）　<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span><span title="だいがく - college" class="popup">大学</span>に<span title="はいる - to enter" class="popup">入れる</span><em>かしら</em>？- I wonder if I can enter a good college.
</p>

<h2 id="part4">That's a wrap!</h2>
We learned quite a lot of things in this section.  Let's try to put it all together by seeing how different kinds of conjugations are used in
different combinations.  This is of course by no means an exhaustive list but merely an illustration of how we can use what we learned in
various combinations to create a lot of useful expressions.

<h3>Example 1</h3>
アリス： <span title="かが - Kaga" class="popup">加賀</span><span title="せんせい - teacher" class="popup">先生</span>、
<span title="ちょっと - a little" class="popup">ちょっと</span><span title="しつもん - question" class="popup">質問</span>を<span title="きく - to ask, to hear" class="popup">聞いて</span>も<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>ですか？
<br /><span title="かが - Kaga" class="popup">加賀</span><span title="せんせい - teacher" class="popup">先生</span>：
<span title="うん - yeah" class="popup">うん</span>、<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>ですよ。
<br />アリス：　「Hello」を<span title="にほんご - Japanese language" class="popup">日本語</span>で<em><span title="なん - what" class="popup">何</span>と<span title="いう - to say" class="popup">言えば</span></em><span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>ですか。
<br /><span title="なん - what" class="popup">何</span>と<span title="いう - to say" class="popup">言えば</span> = quoted sub-clause + if conditional of <span title="いう - to say" class="popup">言う</span>
<p><span title="かが - Kaga" class="popup">加賀</span><span title="せんせい - teacher" class="popup">先生</span>：
<span title="そう - that's so" class="popup">そう</span>ね。<span title="だいたい - mostly" class="popup">大体</span>、
「<span title="こんにちは - good afternoon" class="popup">こんにちは</span>」<em>と<span title="いう - to say" class="popup">言う</span>と<span title="おもう - to think" class="popup">思います</span></em>よ。
<span title="ただし - however" class="popup">ただし</span>、<span title="かく - to write" class="popup">書く</span><span title="とき - time" class="popup">時</span>
は「<span title="こんにちわ - good afternoon" class="popup">こんにちわ</span>」<em>じゃなくて</em>、
「<span title="こんにちは - good afternoon" class="popup">こんにちは</span>」と<span title="かく - to write" class="popup">書かなくて</span>はなりません。
<br />「と<span title="いう - to say" class="popup">言う</span>と<span title="おもう - to think" class="popup">思います</span>」 = quoted sub-clause + quoted sub-clause
<br />「じゃなくて」 = negative sequence of states</p>
<p>アリス：　<span title="そう - that's so" class="popup">そう</span>ですか。<span title="ほか - other" class="popup">他</span>に<span title="なにか - something" class="popup">何か</span><span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>
<span title="ひょうげん - expression" class="popup">表現</span>は<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">あります</span>か。</p>
<p><span title="かが - Kaga" class="popup">加賀</span><span title="せんせい - teacher" class="popup">先生</span>：
<span title="これ - this" class="popup">これ</span>も<em><span title="おぼえる - to memorize" class="popup">覚え</span>といて</em>ね。
<span title="あさ - morning" class="popup">朝</span>は、「<span title="おはよう - good morning" class="popup">おはよう</span>」と
<span title="いう - to say" class="popup">言う</span>の。<span title="でも - but" class="popup">でも</span>、
<span title="うえ - above" class="popup">上</span>の<span title="ひと - person" class="popup">人</span>には
「<span title="おはようございます - good morning" class="popup">おはようございます</span>」と<span title="いう - to say" class="popup">言って</span>ください。
<br />「<span title="おぼえる - to memorize" class="popup">覚え</span>といて」 - <span title="おぼえる - to memorize" class="popup">覚える</span> +
abbreviated form of ～ておく + casual ～てください with ください dropped.</p>
<p>アリス：　<span title="はい - yes" class="popup">はい</span>、<span title="わかる - to understand" class="popup">分かりました</span>。
<span title="まちがえる - to make mistake" class="popup">間違えない</span>ように<span title="する - to do" class="popup">します</span>。
<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span><span title="べんきょう - study" class="popup">勉強</span>に<span title="なる - to become" class="popup">なりました</span>！</p>

<h3>Literal translation of Example 1</h3>
Alice: Kaga-sensei, is it ok to ask you a question?
<br />Kaga-sensei: Yes, it's ok.
<br />Alice: If you say what for "hello" in Japanese, is it ok?
<br />Kaga-sensei: Well, mostly, I think people say "konnichiwa". Only, when you write it, you must write "konnichiha" and not "konnichiwa".
<br />Alice: Is that so?  Are there any other good expressions?
<br />Kaga-sensei: Please memorize this too (in preparation for the future).  In the morning, everybody says, "ohayou". But, please say, "ohayou-gozaimasu" to a
higher person.
<br />Alice: Yes, I understood.  I'll do in the manner of not making mistake.  It became good study!

<h3>Interpretative translation of Example 1</h3>
Alice: Kaga-sensei, is it ok to ask you a question?
<br />Kaga-sensei: Sure.
<br />Alice: How do you say "Hello" in Japanese?
<br />Kaga-sensei: Well, most of the time, I think people say "konnichiwa". Only, when you write it, you must write "konnichiha" and not "konnichiwa".
<br />Alice: Is that so?  Are there any other good expressions?
<br />Kaga-sensei: You should know this too.  In the morning, everybody says, "ohayou". But, please say, "ohayou-gozaimsu" to a
higher person.
<br />Alice: Ok, I got it.  I'll try not to make that mistake.  That was very informative!

<h3>Example 2</h3>
<span title="ようすけ - Yousuke" class="popup">洋介</span>：　お！アリスだ。<span title="あの - hey" class="popup">あの</span>ね、<span title="しつもん - question" class="popup">質問</span>を<span title="きく - to ask, to hear" class="popup">聞いて</span>も<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>？
<br />アリス：　<span title="なに - what" class="popup">何</span>？
<p><span title="ようすけ - Yousuke" class="popup">洋介</span>：　<span title="ちょっと - a little" class="popup">ちょっと</span><span title="えいご - English" class="popup">英語</span>を<em><span title="おしえる - to teach, to inform" class="popup">教えて</span><span title="もらう - to receive" class="popup">もらいたい</span></em>んだけどさ、<span title="もし - by any chance" class="popup">もし</span><span title="じかん - time" class="popup">時間</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">あれば</span>、<span title="おしえる - to teach, to inform" class="popup">教えて</span><span title="くれる - to give" class="popup">くれない</span>？
<br />「<span title="おしえる - to teach, to inform" class="popup">教えて</span><span title="もらう - to receive" class="popup">もらいたい</span>」 = receiving favor + to want （たい）</p>
<p>アリス：　え？<span title="えいご - English" class="popup">英語</span>を<span title="べんきょう - study" class="popup">勉強</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>の？</p>
<p><span title="ようすけ - Yousuke" class="popup">洋介</span>：　<span title="うん - yeah" class="popup">うん</span>、<span title="アメリカ - America" class="popup">アメリカ</span>で<span title="りゅうがく - study abroad" class="popup">留学</span><em><span title="する - to do" class="popup">して</span>みたいなと<span title="おもう - to think" class="popup">思って</span></em>ね。<span title="きょねん - last year" class="popup">去年</span>も<em><span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行こう</span>と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">した</span></em>けど、<span title="おかね - money" class="popup">お金</span>が<span title="ある - to exist (inanimate)" class="popup">なくて</span>・・・
<br />「<span title="する - to do" class="popup">して</span>みたいなと<span title="おもう - to think" class="popup">思って</span>」 = to try something out （～てみる） + want to （たい） + な gobi + quoted subquote + te-form of <span title="おもう - to think" class="popup">思う</span>
<br />「<span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行こう</span>と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">した</span>」 = volitional of <span title="いく - to go" class="popup">行く</span> + to attempt （と<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>）</p>
アリス：　<span title="そう - that's so" class="popup">そう</span>なの？<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>よ。<span title="いつ - when" class="popup">いつ</span><span title="おしえる - to teach, to inform" class="popup">教えて</span><span title="ほしい - wanted, desirable" class="popup">ほしい</span>の？
<br /><span title="ようすけ - Yousuke" class="popup">洋介</span>：　<span title="いつ - when" class="popup">いつ</span>でも<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>よ。
<br />アリス：　じゃ、<span title="らいしゅう - next week" class="popup">来週</span>の<span title="もくようび - Thursday" class="popup">木曜日</span>からは<span title="どう - how" class="popup">どう</span>？
<br /><span title="ようすけ - Yousuke" class="popup">洋介</span>：　<span title="うん - yeah" class="popup">うん</span>、<span title="いい - good" class="popup">いい</span>よ。<span title="ありがとう - thanks" class="popup">ありがとう</span>！
<p>アリス：　<span title="べんきょう - study" class="popup">勉強</span>を<em><span title="なまける - to neglect, to be lazy about" class="popup">怠けた</span>り、<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">来なかった</span>り、<span title="する - to do" class="popup">しない</span>で</em>ね。
<br />「<span title="なまける - to neglect, to be lazy about" class="popup">怠けた</span>り<span title="くる - to come" class="popup">来なかった</span>り<span title="する - to do" class="popup">しない</span>で」 = List of actions （～たり<span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>） + negative request of <span title="する - to do" class="popup">する</span>.</p>
<p><span title="ようすけ - Yousuke" class="popup">洋介</span>：　<span title="そんな - that kind of thing" class="popup">そんな</span><span title="こと - event or matter" class="popup">こと</span><span title="する - to do" class="popup">しない</span>よ！</p>

<h3>Literal translation of Example 2</h3>
Yousuke: Oh! It's Alice.  Hey, is it ok to ask a question?
<br />Alice: What?
<br />Yousuke: I want to receive the favor of you teaching English and if, by any chance, you have time, will you give the favor of teaching?
<br />Alice: Huh?  You are going to study English?
<br />Yousuke: Yeah, I was thinking that I want to try studying abroad in America.  I tried to make motion toward going last year too but, without money...
<br />Alice: Is that so?  It's good.  When do you want me to teach you?
<br />Yousuke: Anytime is good.
<br />Alice: Then what about from next week Thursday?
<br />Yousuke: Yeah, ok.  Thanks!
<br />Alice: Don't do things like shirk on your studies or not come, ok?
<br />Yousuke: I won't do anything like that!

<h3>Interpretative translation of Example 2</h3>
Yousuke: Oh! It's Alice.  Hey, can I ask you a question?
<br />Alice: What up?
<br />Yousuke: I want to learn English so if you have time, can you teach me?
<br />Alice: Huh?  You're going to study English?
<br />Yousuke: Yeah, I was thinking about studying abroad in America.  I tried going last year too but I didn't have the money.
<br />Alice: Really?  No problem.  When do you want me to teach you?
<br />Yousuke: Anytime is fine.
<br />Alice: What about from next week Thursday then?
<br />Yousuke: OK, thanks!
<br />Alice: You're not going to shirk on your studies or not come or anything right?
<br />Yousuke: I won't do anything like that!

<div class="botmenu">
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="15">
  <tr>
    <td><a href="numbers.html">← Previous (Numbers and Counting)</a></td>
    <td><a href="index.html#contents">Table of Contents</a></td>
    <td><a href="specialexp.html">Next (Special Expressions) →</a></td>
  </tr>
</table>
</div>

<br />
<div class="footer">
<!-- Creative Commons License -->
<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" border="0" src="http://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights20.gif" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/">Creative Commons License</a>.
<!-- /Creative Commons License -->


<!--

<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://web.resource.org/cc/"
    xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
    xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<Work rdf:about="">
   <dc:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text" />
   <license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" />
</Work>

<License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/">
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Reproduction" />
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Distribution" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Notice" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Attribution" />
   <prohibits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/CommercialUse" />
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/DerivativeWorks" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/ShareAlike" />
</License>

</rdf:RDF>

-->
<p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2003-2007 Tae Kim (taekim.japanese AT gmail.com)</p>
<p>
<a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/viewforum.php?id=18">Report a correction or suggestion for this page</a>
</p>
</div>
<script src="http://www.google-analytics.com/urchin.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
_uacct = "UA-93357-1";
urchinTracker();
</script>
</body>
</html>
